![]() These imperatives are morally binding because they are based on reason, rather than contingent facts about an agent. A categorical imperative binds us regardless of our desires: everyone has a duty to not lie, regardless of circumstances and even if it is in our interest to do so. A hypothetical imperative is one we must obey if we want to satisfy our desires: 'go to the doctor' is a hypothetical imperative because we are only obliged to obey it if we want to get well. Kant made a distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives. The primary formulation of Kant's ethics is the categorical imperative, from which he derived four further formulations. ![]() A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie, always holds true an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place. Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom. Kant's formulation of humanity, the second section of the Categorical Imperative, states that as an end in itself humans are required never to treat others merely as a means to an end, but always, additionally, as ends in themselves. If a contradiction occurs the act violates Aristotle's 'Non-contradiction' concept which states that just actions cannot lead to contradictions. His principle of universalizability requires that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring. Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways. Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will an action can only be good if its maxim â the principle behind it â is duty to the moral law. ![]() ![]() Kantian ethics refers to a deontologicalethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. ![]()
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